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DIAM : TOWARDS A MODEL
FOR DESCRIBING
APPROPRIATION PROCESSES
THROUGH THE EVOLUTION OF
DIGITAL ARTIFACTS

       Amaury Belin, Yannick Prié
    Université de Lyon, CNRS Université Lyon 1
             LIRIS, UMR5205, F-69622
              amaury.belin@liris.cnrs.fr
              yannick.prie@liris.cnrs.fr



                                                 1
MOTIVATIONS
Context             Knowledge work            Mediation              Digital Tools
                                    evolution of digital material

Problem
                               Appropriation of Digital         Complex process
Important topic in design
                                    Technology                 Multiple dimensions

                                    Scattered body of works and theories
                      Literature    Taken from social perspective
                                    Distant from technical concern

Contribution            • A model to see appropriation through the
                                evolution of digital artifacts
                      • An additional way to consider appropriation
                               artifact oriented      objective

                                                                                     2
OUTLINE
1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology

1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM)

2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study

3. Conclusion & Perspectives




                                                   3
APPROPRIATION OF
   TECHNOLOGY
   “Appropriation is the way in which technologies are adopted, adapted and
   incorporated into working practice.“ [Dourish, 2003]



Reorganization of activity                                      Customization
New skills and knowledge                                        Assigning new functions
                             User                   Artifact
                                    Appropriation




                                                    Practice Sharing
                                     Organization   Collaborative Settings

                                                                                   4
APPROPRIATION OF
DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

                            Appropriation
        User                                         Digital Device

                                 Bridging
                                    the
   Information
Conceptualization                 Gap

                                                      Digital Representations

              Developing new                 Setting up
             understandings of              information
                information                  structures


                                                                           5
A MODEL FOR APPROPRATION:
REQUIREMENTS
• Account for the richness of appropriation
  process
    • Variety of related processes
    • Situated into a social / cultural / technological
      context
• Explain specifics of digital technology
  appropriation
    • Gap between user and digital representations
    • Structures and operations to bridge this gap


                                                          6
OUTLINE
1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology

1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM)
     •   Theoritical Fundation : Instrumental Theory
     •   Static model of an appropriated artifact
     •   Exemple of an artifact (re)appropriation
     •   Dynamic model of artifact appropriation


2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study

3. Conclusion & Perspectives

                                                       7
DIAM : INSTRUMENTAL THEORY
                                              [Rabardel & Bourmaud, 2003]

                    Abstraction of a functional unit :

                            Instrument
                                             Customization

                                                Functional perception
                                 Artifact

                                             Function          Set of Goals

Developing skills
& strategies                   Utilization
                               Schemes



         User                                                Object
                                                                              8
DIAM : DIGITAL INSTRUMENT ?




                 Artifact
      User                    Function

                Utilization
                Schemes

                                         9
DIGITAL                      Artifact
INSTRUMENT
                             Component
(STATIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure




                       Interaction                Data
                        Schema                   Schema

                           User                    User              Function
                     particularization       particularization


   “I’ll be really
     busy next
                                         Appropriation           Utilization
       week !”
                                           Schema                Schemes


                                          Schemes
  User                                    Component
DIAM: A STATIC INSTRUMENT




          Appropriation
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category




     3 Duplication




     4 Solution
     => New Habits
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category

                             1


     3 Duplication




     4 Solution
     => New Habits
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category

                             1


     3 Duplication



                      2
     4 Solution
     => New Habits
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category

                             1
                     3

     3 Duplication



                         2
     4 Solution
     => New Habits
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category

                                 1
                     3

     3 Duplication



                         2
     4 Solution              4
     => New Habits
DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION

     1 Problem




     2 New Category

                                 1
                     3

     3 Duplication



                         2
     4 Solution              4
     => New Habits
DIGITAL                       Artifact
INSTRUMENT                    Component
(DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure
MODEL

                              Interaction                Data
                               Schema                   Schema

                                  User                    User              Function
                            particularization       particularization




                                                Appropriation           Utilization
                                                  Schema                Schemes


           Circulation                           Schemes
                                                 Component
         initiated by the
  User   user
DIGITAL                       Artifact
INSTRUMENT                    Component
(DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure
MODEL
          Circulation
      initiated by the
      designer                   Interaction                Data
Designer                          Schema                   Schema

                                     User                    User              Function
                               particularization       particularization




                                                   Appropriation           Utilization
                                                     Schema                Schemes


              Circulation                           Schemes
                                                    Component
            initiated by the
    User    user
DIGITAL                       Artifact
INSTRUMENT                    Component
(DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure
MODEL
          Circulation
                                 Interaction                Data
      initiated by the
                                  Schema                   Schema
      designer
Designer                             User                    User              Function
                               particularization       particularization




                                                   Appropriation           Utilization
                                                     Schema                Schemes


              Circulation                           Schemes
                                                    Component
            initiated by the
    User    user
OUTLINE
1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology

1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM)

2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study

3. Conclusion & Perspectives




                                                   25
CASE STUDY: PRESENTATION
• Context
    • 7 Cinema Researchers
    • New Video Annotation Tool
    • Collaborative Movie Analysis Practice
• Research Question
    • To what extent does DIAM help to describe
      appropriation?
• Material
    • Pre & Post Interviews (14)
    • On field-observations
    • Interaction traces & Screenshots


                                                  26
CASE STUDY: CIRCULATIONS 1




Graphical User Interface of Lignes de Temps
CASE STUDY: CIRCULATIONS 2




Graphical User Interface of Lignes de Temps
                                              28
CASE STUDY : CONCLUSION
The model helps to describe appropriation
 • Explain user particularization of information
   structures
The model fails into taking into account
 • Instrument based on multiple-tool
 • Collaborative dimension of appropriation
Potential of interaction traces
  • Detect circulation and moment of instrumental
    instability
  • Detect utilization schemes



                                                    29
CONCLUSIONS

• A dynamic model to describe evolutions of
  digital artifact over the appropriation process
      • Extending Instrumental Theory
      • Taking into account specifics about appropriation of
        digital artifacts


• First experimentation promising


• Key concepts to design and evaluate
  appropriability of artifacts



                                                               30
PERSPECTIVES
Fine-grained modelling of interaction level
 Understand the role of mediation over users’
  representation of data
 Overstepping the « 1 Instrument = 1 Application »
  simplification


Towards appropriation-aware technology ?
 • From interaction traces to appropriation traces
 • Better understanding of usage evolution over time
 • Assist user with instrumental development



                                                       31

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DIAM : Towards a Model for Describing Appropriation Processes Through the Evolution of Digital Artifacts

  • 1. DIAM : TOWARDS A MODEL FOR DESCRIBING APPROPRIATION PROCESSES THROUGH THE EVOLUTION OF DIGITAL ARTIFACTS Amaury Belin, Yannick Prié Université de Lyon, CNRS Université Lyon 1 LIRIS, UMR5205, F-69622 amaury.belin@liris.cnrs.fr yannick.prie@liris.cnrs.fr 1
  • 2. MOTIVATIONS Context Knowledge work Mediation Digital Tools  evolution of digital material Problem Appropriation of Digital Complex process Important topic in design Technology Multiple dimensions Scattered body of works and theories Literature Taken from social perspective Distant from technical concern Contribution • A model to see appropriation through the evolution of digital artifacts • An additional way to consider appropriation  artifact oriented  objective 2
  • 3. OUTLINE 1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology 1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM) 2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study 3. Conclusion & Perspectives 3
  • 4. APPROPRIATION OF TECHNOLOGY “Appropriation is the way in which technologies are adopted, adapted and incorporated into working practice.“ [Dourish, 2003] Reorganization of activity Customization New skills and knowledge Assigning new functions User Artifact Appropriation Practice Sharing Organization Collaborative Settings 4
  • 5. APPROPRIATION OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY Appropriation User Digital Device Bridging the Information Conceptualization Gap Digital Representations Developing new Setting up understandings of information information structures 5
  • 6. A MODEL FOR APPROPRATION: REQUIREMENTS • Account for the richness of appropriation process • Variety of related processes • Situated into a social / cultural / technological context • Explain specifics of digital technology appropriation • Gap between user and digital representations • Structures and operations to bridge this gap 6
  • 7. OUTLINE 1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology 1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM) • Theoritical Fundation : Instrumental Theory • Static model of an appropriated artifact • Exemple of an artifact (re)appropriation • Dynamic model of artifact appropriation 2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study 3. Conclusion & Perspectives 7
  • 8. DIAM : INSTRUMENTAL THEORY [Rabardel & Bourmaud, 2003] Abstraction of a functional unit : Instrument Customization Functional perception Artifact Function Set of Goals Developing skills & strategies Utilization Schemes User Object 8
  • 9. DIAM : DIGITAL INSTRUMENT ? Artifact User Function Utilization Schemes 9
  • 10. DIGITAL Artifact INSTRUMENT Component (STATIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure Interaction Data Schema Schema User User Function particularization particularization “I’ll be really busy next Appropriation Utilization week !” Schema Schemes Schemes User Component
  • 11. DIAM: A STATIC INSTRUMENT Appropriation
  • 16. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 3 Duplication 4 Solution => New Habits
  • 17. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 1 3 Duplication 4 Solution => New Habits
  • 18. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 1 3 Duplication 2 4 Solution => New Habits
  • 19. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 1 3 3 Duplication 2 4 Solution => New Habits
  • 20. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 1 3 3 Duplication 2 4 Solution 4 => New Habits
  • 21. DIAM: INSTRUMENT EVOLUTION 1 Problem 2 New Category 1 3 3 Duplication 2 4 Solution 4 => New Habits
  • 22. DIGITAL Artifact INSTRUMENT Component (DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure MODEL Interaction Data Schema Schema User User Function particularization particularization Appropriation Utilization Schema Schemes Circulation Schemes Component initiated by the User user
  • 23. DIGITAL Artifact INSTRUMENT Component (DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure MODEL Circulation initiated by the designer Interaction Data Designer Schema Schema User User Function particularization particularization Appropriation Utilization Schema Schemes Circulation Schemes Component initiated by the User user
  • 24. DIGITAL Artifact INSTRUMENT Component (DYNAMIC) Interaction Structure Data Structure MODEL Circulation Interaction Data initiated by the Schema Schema designer Designer User User Function particularization particularization Appropriation Utilization Schema Schemes Circulation Schemes Component initiated by the User user
  • 25. OUTLINE 1. Appropriation of (digital) Technology 1. Digital Instrument Appropriation Model (DIAM) 2. Validation of the DIAM Model : Case Study 3. Conclusion & Perspectives 25
  • 26. CASE STUDY: PRESENTATION • Context • 7 Cinema Researchers • New Video Annotation Tool • Collaborative Movie Analysis Practice • Research Question • To what extent does DIAM help to describe appropriation? • Material • Pre & Post Interviews (14) • On field-observations • Interaction traces & Screenshots 26
  • 27. CASE STUDY: CIRCULATIONS 1 Graphical User Interface of Lignes de Temps
  • 28. CASE STUDY: CIRCULATIONS 2 Graphical User Interface of Lignes de Temps 28
  • 29. CASE STUDY : CONCLUSION The model helps to describe appropriation • Explain user particularization of information structures The model fails into taking into account • Instrument based on multiple-tool • Collaborative dimension of appropriation Potential of interaction traces • Detect circulation and moment of instrumental instability • Detect utilization schemes 29
  • 30. CONCLUSIONS • A dynamic model to describe evolutions of digital artifact over the appropriation process • Extending Instrumental Theory • Taking into account specifics about appropriation of digital artifacts • First experimentation promising • Key concepts to design and evaluate appropriability of artifacts 30
  • 31. PERSPECTIVES Fine-grained modelling of interaction level Understand the role of mediation over users’ representation of data Overstepping the « 1 Instrument = 1 Application » simplification Towards appropriation-aware technology ? • From interaction traces to appropriation traces • Better understanding of usage evolution over time • Assist user with instrumental development 31